ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯄꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯶꯰꯰x꯶꯰꯰꯫

ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯄꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯶꯰꯰x꯶꯰꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯐꯉ꯭ꯀꯁꯅꯦꯂꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯗꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯃꯂꯦꯁ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯤꯞꯂꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯒꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯜ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯄꯣꯛꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯔ-ꯀꯣꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯔꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯄꯜ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯆꯣꯏꯁꯁꯤꯡ (HPL, PVC, ꯁꯦꯔꯥꯃꯤꯛ)ꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ 10^4–10^9Ωꯗꯥ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯂꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯣꯜꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯡꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯸꯹꯰ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯂꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯐꯥꯏꯔ-ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ASTM E84 ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ 1ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁꯀꯦꯠ-ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ-ꯇꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯔꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯏ꯫

ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯄꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯄꯦꯅꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯶꯰꯰x꯶꯰꯰ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡ ꯃꯦꯊꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯒꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯤ.꯱꯴ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯄꯤ.ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤ.

ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯋꯦꯠ ꯐꯣꯝ ꯀꯪꯛꯔꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯀꯝꯕꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯏꯅꯁꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ, ꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯦꯕꯁꯣꯔꯄꯁꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯀꯣ-ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯂꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯄꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯕꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯅꯕꯥ, ꯃꯆꯥꯛ ꯃꯊꯨꯃꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ-ꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯇꯣꯅꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫

ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ-ꯂꯦꯚꯦꯜ ꯏꯛꯕꯤꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯃꯤꯟꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯁꯥꯡꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ, ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔ ꯗꯤꯃꯥꯟꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫