ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯗ ꯔꯦꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ꯫

ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯗ ꯔꯦꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯆꯔ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯑꯣꯞꯇꯤꯃꯦꯜ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ-ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯏ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯗꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯔꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯃꯂꯦꯁ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯤꯞꯂꯤꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯇꯉꯥꯏ ꯐꯗꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯏꯄꯣꯛꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯔ-ꯀꯣꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯔꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠ ꯇꯧꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯏꯪꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯒꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯄꯜ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ (HPL, PVC, ꯁꯦꯔꯥꯃꯤꯛ) ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ 10^4–10^9Ω ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯣꯜꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯡꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯸꯹꯰ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯂꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯐꯥꯏꯔ-ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ASTM E84 ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ 1ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯔꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯗꯤ, ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁꯀꯦꯠ-ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ-ꯇꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ꯫

ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗ ꯍꯦꯟꯗ ꯔꯦꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯀꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯐꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ ꯃꯦꯟꯌꯨꯐꯦꯀꯆꯔꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯤ.꯱꯴ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯄꯤ.ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯦꯠꯄꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯕꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯥꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯂꯁꯤꯡꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯟ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯂꯤꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯥ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯜꯗ ꯑꯃꯒꯨꯝꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯤꯠ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯁꯨ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯋꯦꯠ ꯐꯣꯝ ꯀꯪꯛꯔꯤꯠ ꯑꯁꯤ, ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯏꯅꯁꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ, ꯈꯣꯟꯖꯦꯜ ꯁꯣꯀꯄꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯒꯤ ꯐꯤꯕꯝ ꯁꯣꯀꯍꯟꯗꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯃꯇꯧꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯇꯧꯏ꯫ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ, ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯇꯣꯅꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯂꯦꯞꯄꯥ ꯂꯩꯇꯅꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯆꯦꯀꯁꯤꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏ-ꯑꯉꯥꯝ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯗꯕꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯥꯟꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯏꯛꯕꯤꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯥꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯄꯨꯔꯀꯏ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯩꯊꯦꯂꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯒꯠꯄꯗꯥ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯏ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯎꯊꯣꯀꯆꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯥꯀꯄꯗꯤ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯆꯥꯡꯌꯦꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯣꯌ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯅꯤꯡꯉꯥꯏ ꯑꯣꯏ, ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁꯇꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯎꯠꯂꯤ, ꯏꯐꯤꯁꯤꯌꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯍꯥꯌꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯦꯛꯇꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯐꯖꯅꯥ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯩ, ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯕꯨ ꯀꯝꯄꯤꯇꯤꯇꯔꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫