ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ ꯔꯦꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ꯫

ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁ ꯔꯦꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯟ-ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯨꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯣꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯕꯥ ꯑꯆꯦꯠꯄꯥ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯗꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯃꯂꯦꯁ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯤꯞꯂꯤꯟ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯅꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯄꯣꯛꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯔ-ꯀꯣꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯔꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯏ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯅꯨꯡꯁꯤꯠ ꯁꯦꯡꯗꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯅꯒꯤ ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤ ꯒꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯄꯤ꯫ ꯃꯜꯇꯤꯄꯜ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ (HPL, PVC, ꯁꯦꯔꯥꯃꯤꯛ) ꯂꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ 10^4–10^9Ωꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯊꯃꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯣꯜꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯡꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯸꯹꯰ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯂꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯐꯥꯏꯔ-ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ASTM E84 ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ 1ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁꯀꯦꯠ-ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯟ-ꯇꯣꯉꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯔꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯗꯞꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯎꯠꯄꯥ, ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯔꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ-ꯇꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯏ꯫

ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯀꯗꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯣꯜ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯨꯞꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯗꯣꯀꯄꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯝꯄꯣꯅꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯤ.꯱꯴ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯄꯤ.ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤ. ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯀꯝꯕꯤꯅꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯗꯤꯃꯥꯟꯗ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯐꯤꯚꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯑꯀꯣꯌꯕꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯐꯦꯛꯇꯤꯕ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯦꯛꯇ ꯀꯥꯌꯗꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯋꯦꯠ ꯐꯣꯝ ꯀꯪꯛꯔꯤꯠ ꯏꯟꯇꯤꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯈꯥ ꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯟꯊꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯏꯅꯁꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ, ꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯦꯕꯁꯣꯔꯄꯁꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯀꯣ-ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯂꯤ ꯑꯦꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯠꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯚꯤ-ꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯇꯣꯅꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯌꯨꯅꯤꯐꯣꯔꯝ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯗꯤꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯕ꯭ꯌꯨꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯤꯡ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯒꯔꯦꯟꯇꯤ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫

ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯟꯁ ꯃꯦꯇꯔꯤꯑꯦꯂꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯌꯦꯜ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯏꯛꯕꯤꯄꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ, ꯄꯨꯟꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯃꯤꯟꯅꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯊꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯦꯛꯇꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯐꯪꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ, ꯃꯇꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ, ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁꯀꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯕꯦꯟꯆꯃꯥꯔꯀꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫