ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯔꯨꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯔꯦꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ꯫

ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯔꯨꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣꯒꯤ ꯙꯥꯇꯨꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯡꯈꯠꯄꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ, ꯑꯐꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯅꯕꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯑꯀꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯟꯖꯤꯅꯤꯌꯔꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯗꯤꯖꯥꯏꯟ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯈꯅꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯏ.ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯗꯤ.ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯖ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯄꯨꯝꯅꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯁꯤꯃꯂꯦꯁ ꯀꯟꯗꯨꯛꯇꯤꯕꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯗꯤꯁꯤꯞꯂꯤꯟ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯈꯨꯗꯤꯡꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯄꯣꯛꯁꯤ ꯄꯥꯎꯗꯔ-ꯀꯣꯇꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯔꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇ꯭ꯔꯤꯠꯃꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯔꯨ-ꯇꯅꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯀꯟꯗꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯣꯁꯤꯅꯗꯒꯤ ꯉꯥꯀꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯈꯜ ꯀꯌꯥꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯟꯇꯤ-ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯂꯦꯃꯤꯅꯦꯠ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ (ꯑꯩꯆ.ꯄꯤ.ꯑꯦꯜ., ꯄꯤ.ꯚꯤ.ꯁꯤ., ꯁꯦꯔꯥꯃꯤꯛ)ꯅꯥ 10^4–10^9Ω ꯁꯔꯐꯦꯁ ​​ꯔꯦꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯁ ꯁꯣꯌꯗꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯍꯟꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯇꯤꯛꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯔꯤꯏꯅꯐꯣꯔꯁ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯕꯣꯜꯇꯦꯗ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯡꯖꯔꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯀꯆꯔꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯍꯦꯅꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯀꯤꯂꯣꯒ꯭ꯔꯥꯝ ꯸꯹꯰ ꯐꯥꯑꯣꯕꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯏꯟꯇ ꯂꯣꯗꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯠ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯃꯤ꯫ ꯐꯥꯏꯔ-ꯔꯦꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ASTM E84 ꯀ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ 1ꯒꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯟꯗꯔꯗꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯃꯥꯟꯅꯩ꯫ ꯑꯣꯄꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯒ꯭ꯌꯥꯁꯀꯦꯠ-ꯁꯤꯜ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯖꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯂꯤꯟ ꯔꯨꯝ ꯅꯠꯠꯔꯒꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯄꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛꯇꯥ ꯆꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯌꯔ-ꯇꯥꯏꯠ ꯀꯝꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯇꯦꯛꯅꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯁꯤꯐꯤꯀꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯦꯡꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯔꯁꯥꯏꯇꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯐꯝ ꯊꯝꯂꯤ꯫

ꯀꯝꯞꯌꯨꯇꯔ ꯔꯨꯃꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯐꯤꯅꯦꯀꯣ ꯃꯦꯇꯜ ꯔꯦꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯁ ꯐ꯭ꯂꯣꯔ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝ-ꯀ꯭ꯕꯥꯂꯤꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯒꯨꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯤꯁꯤꯁꯅꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯕꯅꯤ꯫ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯨꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯇꯤ.꯱꯴ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯦꯁ.ꯄꯤ.ꯁꯤ.ꯁꯤ.

ꯂꯥꯏꯠꯋꯦꯠ ꯐꯣꯝ ꯀꯪꯛꯔꯤꯠ ꯍꯥꯄꯆꯤꯅꯕꯅꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁꯇꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯐꯒꯠꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫ ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯄꯨꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯔꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯕꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯊꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯊꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯏꯅꯁꯨꯂꯦꯁꯟ, ꯁꯥꯎꯟꯗ ꯑꯦꯕꯁꯣꯔꯄꯁꯟ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯀꯣ-ꯐ꯭ꯔꯦꯟꯗꯂꯤ ꯐꯤꯆꯔꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯤꯔꯤ꯫ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯄꯒꯤ ꯊꯧꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ, ꯍꯦꯚꯤ-ꯗ꯭ꯌꯨꯇꯤ, ꯍꯥꯏ-ꯇꯣꯅꯦꯖ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯂꯦꯡꯗꯕꯥ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯦꯁꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯅꯤꯡꯊꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯣꯜꯗꯤꯡ ꯇꯧꯕꯥ ꯉꯝꯅꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯩ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯁꯣꯏꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯗꯥꯏꯃꯦꯟꯁꯅꯒꯤ ꯑꯆꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫

ꯑꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯆꯥꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯋꯥꯡꯕꯥ-ꯒ꯭ꯔꯦꯗ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯖꯤꯟꯅꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯂꯝꯕꯤ ꯌꯥꯠꯄꯥ, ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯅꯦꯜ ꯁꯨꯄꯔꯤꯌꯔꯤꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯏꯟꯗꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯤꯒꯤ ꯅꯣꯔꯃꯁꯤꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯦꯞꯇꯅꯥ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯐꯕꯥ ꯄꯣꯠꯊꯣꯀꯁꯤꯡ ꯄꯨꯊꯣꯀꯏ꯫ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯦꯂꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯁ꯭ꯇꯃꯔ ꯁꯦꯇꯤꯁꯐꯦꯛꯁꯅꯒꯤꯗꯃꯛ ꯋꯥꯁꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯩꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯈ꯭ꯕꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯀꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯛꯁꯄꯦꯛꯇꯦꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯐꯪꯍꯜꯂꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯔꯤ, ꯃꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯑꯈꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯄꯔꯐꯣꯃꯦꯟꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯇꯨꯡ ꯀꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯆꯠꯄꯥ ꯉꯃꯍꯜꯂꯤ꯫